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Social conditions. --- Europe, Eastern --- Europe, Southern --- Balkan Peninsula --- Europe de l'Est --- Europe méridionale --- Balkans --- Balkan Peninsula. --- Eastern Europe. --- Southern Europe. --- Social conditions --- Conditions sociales --- Comparative studies --- Periodicals. --- Southern Europe --- East Europe --- Eastern Europe --- Balkan States --- Europe, Southeastern --- Southeastern Europe

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This book offers a fascinating exploration into the evolution of the Portuguese economy over the course of eight centuries, from the foundation of the kingdom in 1143, when political boundaries began to take shape in the midst of the Christian Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula, and the formation of an empire, to the integration of the nation into the European Communities and the Economic and Monetary Union. Through six chapters, the authors provide a vibrant history of Portugal's past with a focus ranging from the medieval economy and the age of globalization, to war and recovery, the Atlantic economy, the rise of liberalism and patterns of convergence. The book provides a unique long-term perspective of change in a southern European country and its empire, which responds to the fundamental broader questions about when, how and why economies expand, stagnate or contract.

Economic order --- Portugal --- History of Southern Europe --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS --- Economic history. --- Wirtschaft. --- Development --- Economic Development. --- Portugal. --- Economic conditions. --- History.

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What is to be learned from the chaotic downfall of the Weimar Republic and the erosion of European liberal statehood in the interwar period vis-a-vis the ongoing Europeancrisis? This book analyses and explains the recurrent emergence of crises in European societies. It asks how previous crises can inform our understanding of the present crisis. The particular perspective advanced is that these crises not only are economic and social crises, but must also be understood as crises of public power, order and authority. In other words, it argues that substantial challenges to the functional and normative setup of democracy and the rule of law were central to the emergence and the unfolding of these crises. The book draws on and adds to the rich 'crises literature' developed within the critical theory tradition to outline a conceptual framework for understanding what societal crises are. The central idea is that societal crises represent a discrepancy between the unfolding of social processes and the institutional frameworks that have been established to normatively stabilize such processes. The crises at issue emerged in periods characterized by strong social, economic and technological transformations as well as situations of political upheaval. As such, the crises represented moments where the existing functional and normative grid of society, as embodied in notions of public order and authority, were severely challenged and in many instances undermined. Seen in this perspective, the book reconstructs how crises unfolded, how they were experienced, and what kind of responses the specific crises in question provoked.

Europe --- Europe. --- Politics and government --- Northern Europe --- Southern Europe --- Western Europe --- Social conflict --- Social conditions. --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology

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A new approach to the definition of scientific explanation. Unlike standard theories, it focuses initially on the explaining act itself, to which reference must be made in order to understand what an explanation is and how it can be evaluated in the sciences.

Science - Philosophy. --- Sciences - General --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Explanation. --- Explanation (Philosophy) --- Knowledge, Theory of --- History of Southern Europe --- History of the Netherlands --- anno 1600-1699

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L’histoire de la Méditerranée médiévale ne se résume pas à des affrontements perpétuels ; elle est aussi marquée par des périodes de paix et d’échanges diplomatiques intenses. Un mince fil séparait la guerre et la paix. Comment passait-t-on de la préparation, de l’organisation et de la conduite de la guerre à des relations pacifiques ? Cette thématique s’inscrit dans un ensemble disparate, l’Occident, Byzance et l’Islam, avec des sociétés et des idéologies distinctes, tout en étant liées entre elles par les échanges, les contacts et les communications multiples. L’ouvrage porte sur les transitions entre la guerre et la paix, sur les croisés répondant à l’appel de la propagande pontificale, les ġāzī mobilisés par le ǧihād, les eunuques byzantins qui se retrouvaient sur tous les fronts. La guerre signifiait aussi organiser la défense en temps de paix. La Méditerranée et ses milliers de kilomètres de côtes s’est hérissée de fortifications, de ribâts et de bases navales. La question des négociations occupe le cœur du volume. Elle témoigne de l’intérêt de l’historiographie actuelle pour l’étude de ce moment emblématique d’échanges diplomatiques, comme entre Venise et les Ottomans. À Byzance où prédominait l’idéologie de la paix comme fondement chrétien de l’Empire, la négociation n’avait parfois d’autre issue que la guerre. Pour magnifier le temps de paix les cadeaux diplomatiques se répandaient dans toutes les cours de la Méditerranée médiévale.

Relations internationales --- History --- diplomatie --- Méditerranée médiévale --- guerre --- Byzance --- Islam --- propagande --- paix --- fortifications --- History of Southern Europe --- History of Asia --- History of Africa --- anno 500-1499 --- Mediterranean countries